Heart rate variability-guided aerobic training without moderate-intensity enhances submaximal and maximal aerobic power with less training load
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study aims to clarify the effects of heart rate variability (HRV)-guided aerobic training on submaximal and maximal aerobic power. Twelve active men participated in a 5-week intervention and were divided into two groups: a block periodization training group (BP, n = 6) and a HRV-guided training group (HRV-G, n = 6). All participants underwent the same aerobic training during week one. In weeks 2–5, the training load for the HRV-G was adjusted based on the HRV of an individual on waking. The BP underwent 2 weeks of overload training followed by 2 weeks of taper training. To determine the submaximal and maximal aerobic powers, an incremental load test was performed at baseline and once a week. The internal load during the training sessions was derived from the heart rate. The monotony and strain were calculated from the internal load. TRIMP and the strain were lower in the HRV-G than BP. The HRV-G had a greater relative distribution of time spent at low-intensity and a lower relative distribution of time spent at high-intensity than BP. The change in the maximal and submaximal aerobic power was greater in the HRV than in BP. The current findings indicate that combined low- and high-intensity HRV-guided training enhance increases the submaximal and maximal aerobic power, regardless lower training load than BP.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Each author warrants that his or her submission to the Work is original and that he or she has full power to enter into this agreement. Neither this Work nor a similar work has been published elsewhere in any language nor shall be submitted for publication elsewhere while under consideration by Journal of Human Sport and Exercise (JHSE). Each author also accepts that the JHSE will not be held legally responsible for any claims of compensation.
Authors wishing to include figures or text passages that have already been published elsewhere are required to obtain permission from the copyright holder(s) and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate from the authors.
Please include at the end of the acknowledgements a declaration that the experiments comply with the current laws of the country in which they were performed. The editors reserve the right to reject manuscripts that do not comply with the abovementioned requirements. The author(s) will be held responsible for false statements or failure to fulfill the above-mentioned requirements.
This title is licensed under a Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0).
You are free to:
Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format.
Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material.
The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
-
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
-
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
-
ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
- You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation.
- No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
How to Cite
Funding data
-
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
Grant numbers 19K11443
References
Aubry, A., Hausswirth, C., Louis, J., Coutts, A. J., & Y, L. E. M. (2014). Functional overreaching: the key to peak performance during the taper? Med Sci Sports Exerc, 46(9), 1769-1777. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000301
Borg, G. A. (1973). Perceived exertion: a note on "history" and methods. Med Sci Sports, 5, 90-93. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-197300520-00017
Bosquet, L., Montpetit, J., Arvisais, D., & Mujika, I. (2007). Effects of tapering on performance: a meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 39(8), 1358-1365. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31806010e0
Boullosa, D. A., Abreu, L., Nakamura, F. Y., Muñoz, V. E., Domínguez, E., & Leicht, A. S. (2013). Cardiac autonomic adaptations in elite Spanish soccer players during preseason. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 8(4), 400-409. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.8.4.400
Buchheit, M., Chivot, A., Parouty, J., Mercier, D., Al Haddad, H., Laursen, P., & Ahmaidi, S. (2010). Monitoring endurance running performance using cardiac parasympathetic function. European journal of applied physiology, 108, 1153-1167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-009-1317-x
Camm, A. J., Malik, M., Bigger, J. T., Breithardt, G., Cerutti, S., Cohen, R. J., Coumel, P., Fallen, E. L., Kennedy, H. L., & Kleiger, R. E. (1996). Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Circulation, 93(5), 1043-1065.
Carrasco-Poyatos, M., González-Quílez, A., Altini, M., & Granero-Gallegos, A. (2022). Heart rate variability-guided training in professional runners: Effects on performance and vagal modulation. Physiology & Behavior, 244, 113654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113654
Chwalbinska-Moneta, J., Kaciuba-Uscilko, H., Krysztofiak, H., Ziemba, A., Krzeminski, K., Kruk, B., & Nazar, K. (1998). Relationship between EMG, blood lactate, and plasma catecholamine thresholds during graded exercise in men. Journal of physiology and pharmacology, 49(3).
da Silva, D. F., Ferraro, Z. M., Adamo, K. B., & Machado, F. A. (2019). Endurance running training individually guided by HRV in untrained women. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 33(3), 736-746. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002001
Da Silva, D. F., Verri, S. M., Nakamura, F. Y., & Machado, F. A. (2014). Longitudinal changes in cardiac autonomic function and aerobic fitness indices in endurance runners: A case study with a high-level team. European Journal of Sport Science, 14(5), 443-451. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2013.832802
De Pauw, K., Roelands, B., Cheung, S. S., De Geus, B., Rietjens, G., & Meeusen, R. (2013). Guidelines to classify subject groups in sport-science research. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 8(2), 111-122. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.8.2.111
DeBlauw, J., Crawford, D., Stein, J., Lewis, A., & Heinrich, K. (2021). Association of heart rate variability and simulated cycling time trial performance. Journal of Science and Cycling, 10(3), 25-33. https://doi.org/10.28985/1221.jsc.09
Elkin, L. A., Kay, M., Higgins, J. J., & Wobbrock, J. O. (2021). An aligned rank transform procedure for multifactor contrast tests. The 34th annual ACM symposium on user interface software and technology. https://doi.org/10.1145/3472749.3474784
Esteve-Lanao, J., Foster, C., Seiler, S., & Lucia, A. (2007). Impact of training intensity distribution on performance in endurance athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 21(3), 943-949. https://doi.org/10.1519/00124278-200708000-00048
Figueiredo, D. H., Figueiredo, D. H., Moreina, A., Gonçalves, H. R., & Stanganelli, L. C. R. (2019). Effect of Overload and Tapering on Individual Heart Rate Variability, Stress Tolerance, and Intermittent Running Performance in Soccer Players During a Preseason. J Strength Cond Res, 33, 1222-1231. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003127
Foster, C. (1998). Monitoring training in athletes with reference to overtraining syndrome. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 30(7), 1164-1168. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199807000-00023
Gastin, P. B. (2001). Energy system interaction and relative contribution during maximal exercise. Sports Med, 31(10), 725-741. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200131100-00003
Halson, S. L., Bridge, M. W., Meeusen, R., Busschaert, B., Gleeson, M., Jones, D. A., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2002). Time course of performance changes and fatigue markers during intensified training in trained cyclists. J Appl Physiol (1985), 93(3), 947-956. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01164.2001
Hautala, A. J., Makikallio, T. H., Kiviniemi, A., Laukkanen, R. T., Nissila, S., Huikuri, H. V., & Tulppo, M. P. (2003). Cardiovascular autonomic function correlates with the response to aerobic training in healthy sedentary subjects. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 285(4), H1747-H1752. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00202.2003
Issurin, V. B. (2010). New horizons for the methodology and physiology of training periodization. Sports medicine, 40, 189-206. https://doi.org/10.2165/11319770-000000000-00000
Javaloyes, A., Sarabia, J. M., Lamberts, R. P., & Moya-Ramon, M. (2019). Training prescription guided by heart-rate variability in cycling. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 14(1), 23-32. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0122
Javaloyes, A., Sarabia, J. M., Lamberts, R. P., Plews, D., & Moya-Ramon, M. (2020). Training prescription guided by heart rate variability vs. block periodization in well-trained cyclists. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 34(6), 1511-1518. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003337
Kiviniemi, A. M., Hautala, A. J., Kinnunen, H., Nissilä, J., Virtanen, P., Karjalainen, J., & Tulppo, M. P. (2010). Daily exercise prescription on the basis of HR variability among men and women. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 42(7), 1355-1363. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181cd5f39
Kiviniemi, A. M., Hautala, A. J., Kinnunen, H., & Tulppo, M. P. (2007). Endurance training guided individually by daily heart rate variability measurements. European journal of applied physiology, 101(6), 743-751. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-007-0552-2
Le Meur, Y., Pichon, A., Schaal, K., Schmitt, L., Louis, J., Gueneron, J., Vidal, P. P., & Hausswirth, C. (2013). Evidence of parasympathetic hyperactivity in functionally overreached athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 45(11), 2061-2071. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3182980125
Manzi, V., Iellamo, F., Impellizzeri, F., D'OTTAVIO, S., & Castagna, C. (2009). Relation between individualized training impulses and performance in distance runners. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 41(11), 2090-2096. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181a6a959
Meeusen, R., Duclos, M., Foster, C., Fry, A., Gleeson, M., Nieman, D., Raglin, J., Rietjens, G., Steinacker, J., Urhausen, A., European College of Sport, S., & American College of Sports, M. (2013). Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the overtraining syndrome: joint consensus statement of the European College of Sport Science and the American College of Sports Medicine. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 45(1), 186-205. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e318279a10a
Melanson, E. L., & Freedson, P. S. (2001). The effect of endurance training on resting heart rate variability in sedentary adult males. European journal of applied physiology, 85, 442-449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210100479
Morinaga, H., & Takai, Y. (2024). Association of change in aerobic power with training load in block periodization. Gazzetta Medica Italiana-Archivio per le Scienze Mediche, 183(4), 310-320. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0393-3660.23.05184-7
Neal, C. M., Hunter, A. M., Brennan, L., O'Sullivan, A., Hamilton, D. L., DeVito, G., & Galloway, S. D. (2013). Six weeks of a polarized training-intensity distribution leads to greater physiological and performance adaptations than a threshold model in trained cyclists. Journal of applied physiology. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00652.2012
Nummela, A., Hynynen, E., Kaikkonen, P., & Rusko, H. (2009). Endurance performance and nocturnal HRV indices. International journal of sports medicine, 154-159. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1243221
Nuuttila, O.-P., Nikander, A., Polomoshnov, D., Laukkanen, J. A., & Häkkinen, K. (2017). Effects of HRV-guided vs. predetermined block training on performance, HRV and serum hormones. International journal of sports medicine, 38(12), 909-920. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-115122
Plews, D. J., Laursen, P. B., Kilding, A. E., & Buchheit, M. (2012). Heart rate variability in elite triathletes, is variation in variability the key to effective training? A case comparison. European journal of applied physiology, 112(11), 3729-3741. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-012-2354-4
Robinson, B. F., Epstein, S. E., Beiser, G. D., & Braunwald, E. (1966). Control of heart rate by the autonomic nervous system: studies in man on the interrelation between baroreceptor mechanisms and exercise. Circulation Research, 19(2), 400-411. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.RES.19.2.400
Schmitt, L., Willis, S. J., Fardel, A., Coulmy, N., & Millet, G. P. (2018). Live high-train low guided by daily heart rate variability in elite Nordic-skiers. European journal of applied physiology, 118, 419-428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-017-3784-9
Seiler, S. (2010). What is best practice for training intensity and duration distribution in endurance athletes? International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 5(3), 276-291. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.5.3.276
Seiler, S., Haugen, O., & Kuffel, E. (2007). Autonomic recovery after exercise in trained athletes: intensity and duration effects. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 39(8), 1366. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e318060f17d
Skinner, J. S., Jaskólski, A., Jaskólska, A., Krasnoff, J., Gagnon, J., Leon, A. S., Rao, D., Wilmore, J. H., & Bouchard, C. (2001). Age, sex, race, initial fitness, and response to training: the HERITAGE Family Study. Journal of applied physiology. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.90.5.1770
Stöggl, T. L., & Sperlich, B. (2015). The training intensity distribution among well-trained and elite endurance athletes. Frontiers in Physiology, 6, 295. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2015.00295
Taylor, R. J., Sanders, D., Myers, T., Abt, G., Taylor, C. A., & Akubat, I. (2018). The dose-response relationship between training load and aerobic fitness in academy rugby union players. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 13(2), 163-169. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0121
Thomas, L., & Busso, T. (2005). A theoretical study of taper characteristics to optimize performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 37(9), 1615-1621. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000177461.94156.4b
Vandewalle, H., Peres, G., & Monod, H. (1987). Standard Anaerobic Exercise Tests. Sports medicine, 4, 268-289. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-198704040-00004
Vesterinen, V., Nummela, A., Heikura, I., Laine, T., Hynynen, E., Botella, J., & Häkkinen, K. (2016). Individual endurance training prescription with heart rate variability. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 48(7). https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000910
Wenger, H. A., & Bell, G. J. (1986). The interactions of intensity, frequency and duration of exercise training in altering cardiorespiratory fitness. Sports medicine, 3, 346-356. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-198603050-00004
Wobbrock, J. O., Findlater, L., Gergle, D., & Higgins, J. J. (2011). The aligned rank transform for nonparametric factorial analyses using only anova procedures. Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems. https://doi.org/10.1145/1978942.1978963