Main characteristics of preventive postural hygiene training programs in the educational field
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Objective: To determine the state of the art regarding preventive training programs on postural hygiene and back health in an educational context. Introduction: The prevalence of non-specific back pain in population reaches alarming figures and its causes are largely preventable. Adequate training in postural education is necessary along students' academic career. Method: Retrospective descriptive study, using the PRISMA method. Results: 61 original articles published from 2017 to 2021 have been analysed. Discussion: Postural education programs have demonstrated their effectiveness and have provided benefits for the participating students.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Each author warrants that his or her submission to the Work is original and that he or she has full power to enter into this agreement. Neither this Work nor a similar work has been published elsewhere in any language nor shall be submitted for publication elsewhere while under consideration by Journal of Human Sport and Exercise (JHSE). Each author also accepts that the JHSE will not be held legally responsible for any claims of compensation.
Authors wishing to include figures or text passages that have already been published elsewhere are required to obtain permission from the copyright holder(s) and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate from the authors.
Please include at the end of the acknowledgements a declaration that the experiments comply with the current laws of the country in which they were performed. The editors reserve the right to reject manuscripts that do not comply with the abovementioned requirements. The author(s) will be held responsible for false statements or failure to fulfill the above-mentioned requirements.
This title is licensed under a Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0).
You are free to:
Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format.
Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material.
The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
-
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
-
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
-
ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
- You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation.
- No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
How to Cite
References
Akbar, F., Albesharah, M., Al-Baghli, J., Bulbul, F., Mohammad, D., Qadoura, B., & Al-Taiar, A. (2019). Prevalence of low back pain among adolescents in relation to the weight of school bags. BMC Musculoskel Dis, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2398-2
Akbari-Chehrehbargh, Z., Tavafian, S. S., & Montazeri, A. (2020a). Effectiveness of a theory-based back care intervention on spine-related behavior among pupils: A school-based randomised controlled trial (T-bak study). BMC Public Health, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08566-z
Akbari-Chehrehbargh, Z., Sadat Tavafian, S., & Montazeri, A. (2020b). The back-care behavior assessment questionnaire (BABAQ) for schoolchildren: Development and psychometric evaluation. BMC Public Health, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09318-9
Alami, A., Tehrani, H., Lael-Monfared, E., Moghaddam, F. S., Boghsani, G. T., & Jafari, A. (2020). Ergonomic factors of school bags and their adaptation to the weight of students. Work, 65(4), 809-820. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-203133
Amado-Merchán, A. (2020). Higiene postural y prevención del dolor de espalda en escolares. NPunto, 3(27), 4-22.
Amyra-Natasha, A., Ahmad-Syukri, A., Siti-Nor-Diana, M. K., Ima-Nirwana, S., & Chin, K. (2018). The association between backpack use and low back pain among pre-university students: A pilot study. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 13(2), 205-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2017.06.005
Aparicio-Sarmiento, A., Rodríguez-Ferrán, O., Martínez-Romero, M. T., Cejudo, A., Santonja, F., & de Baranda, P. S. (2019). Back pain and knowledge of back care related to physical activity in 12 to 17 year old adolescents from the region of Murcia (Spain): ISQUIOS programme. Sustainability-Basel, 11(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11195249
Assiri, A., Mahfouz, A. A., Awadalla, N. J., Abolyazid, A. Y., & Shalaby, M. (2020). Back pain and schoolbags among adolescents in abha city, southwestern saudi arabia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010005
Ayed, H. B., Yaich, S., Trigui, M., Hmida, M. B., Jemaa, M. B., Ammar, A., Jedidi, J., Karray, R., Feki, H., Mejdoub, Y., Kassis, M., & Damak, J. (2019). Prevalence, risk factors and outcomes of neck, shoulders and low-back pain in secondary-school children. Journal of Research in Health Sciences, 19(1).
Bento, T. P. F., Cornelio, G. P., Perrucini, P. D. O., Simeão, S. F. A. P., de Conti, M. H. S., & de Vitta, A. (2020). Low back pain in adolescents and association with sociodemographic factors, electronic devices, physical activity and mental health. J Pediat, 96(6), 717-724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2019.07.008
Blanco-Morales, M., Abuín-Porras, V., Romero-Morales, C., de la Cueva-Reguera, M., De-La-cruz-torres, B., & Rodríguez-Costa, I. (2020). Implementation of a classroom program of physiotherapy among spanish adolescents with back pain: A collaborative study. Int J Env Res Pub He, 17(13), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134806
Cabrera Gonzalez, A., Serrano-Dura, J., Fargueta Espert, M., & Monleon Garcia, C. (2020). Effects of postural education unit in first year of secondary school. Sportis-Scientific Technical Journal of School Sport Physical Education and Psychomotricity, 6(1), 43-60. https://doi.org/10.17979/sportis.2020.6.1.5730
Carrascosa, A., & Mesa, J. (2018). Barcelona longitudinal growth study 1995-2017. Endocrinologia, Diabetes y Nutricion, 65(6), 311-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.endinu.2018.05.002
Cech, D., & Martin, S. (1995). Functional movement development across the life span. W.B. Saunders Co. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001577-199500720-00017
Chacón-Borrego, F., Ubago-Jimenez, J. L., La Guardia García, J. J., Ruz, R. P., & González, M. C. (2018). Educación e higiene postural en el ámbito de la Educación Física. Papel del maestro en la prevención de lesiones. Revisión sistemática. Retos, (34), 8-13. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i34.54319
Clark, B. C., Russ, D. W., Nakazawa, M., France, C. R., Walkowski, S., Law, T. D., Applegate, M., Mahato, N., Lietkam, S., Odenthal, J., Corcos, D., Hain, S., Sindelar, B., Ploutz-Snyder, R. J., & Thomas, J. S. (2018). A randomized control trial to determine the effectiveness and physiological effects of spinal manipulation and spinal mobilization compared to each other and a sham condition in patients with chronic low back pain: Study protocol for the RELIEF study. Contemp Clin Trials, 70, 41-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2018.05.012
Coenen, P., Smith, A., Paananen, M., O'Sullivan, P., Beales, D., & Straker, L. (2017). Trajectories of low back pain from adolescence to young adulthood. Arthrit Care Res, 69(3), 403-412. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.22949
Da Rosa, B. N., Furlanetto, T. S., Noll, M., Sedrez, J. A., Schmit, E. F. D., & Candotti, C. T. (2017). 4-year longitudinal study of the assessment of body posture, back pain, postural and life habits of schoolchildren. Motricidade, 13(4), 3-12. https://doi.org/10.6063/motricidade.9343
Dankhe, G. (1986). Investigación y comunicación. McGraw Hill
de Oliveira Saes, M., & Flores Soares, M. C. (2017). Factors associated with back pain in adolescents from public schools in one city from south brazil. Revista De Salud Publica, 19(1), 105-111. https://doi.org/10.15446/rsap.v19n1.48143
Dianat, I., Alipour, A., & Jafarabadi, M. A. (2017). Prevalence and risk factors of low back pain among school age children in iran. Health Promotion Perspectives, 7(4), 223-229. https://doi.org/10.15171/hpp.2017.39
Dos Santos, N. B., Sedrez, J. A., Candotti, C. T., & Vieira, A. (2017). Immediate and follow-up effects of a posture education program for elementary school students. Revista Paulista De Pediatria, 35(2), 199-206. https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-0462/;2017;35;2;00013
Dugan, J. E. (2018). Teaching the body: A systematic review of posture interventions in primary schools. Educ Rev, 70(5), 643-661. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2017.1359821
Dullien, S., Grifka, J., & Jansen, P. (2018). Cluster-randomized, controlled evaluation of a teacher led multi factorial school based back education program for 10 to 12-year old children. BMC Pediatr, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-018-1280-y
EACEA (Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency) (2013). Physical Education and Sport at School in Europe. Eurydice Report. Publications Office of the European Union.
Fabricant, P. D., Heath, M. R., Schachne, J. M., Doyle, S. M., Green, D. W., & Widmann, R. F. (2020). The epidemiology of back pain in american children and adolescents. Spine, 45(16), 1135-1142. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0000000000003461
Galozzi, P., Maghini, I., Bakdounes, L., Ferlito, E., Lazzari, V., Ermani, M., Chia M., Gatti D., Masiero S., & Punzi, L. (2019). Prevalence of low back pain and its effect on health-related quality of life in 409 scholar adolescents from the veneto region. Reumatismo, 71(3), 132-140. https://doi.org/10.4081/reumatismo.2019.1229
Garvick, S. J., Creecy, C., Miller, M., Schafer, L., Spooner, A., Tazewell, A. W., & Gregory, T. (2019). Evaluating low back pain in adolescents. J Am Acad Phys, 32(12), 14-20. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.JAA.0000604852.26078.91
Ghobadi, S., Totosy De Zepetnek, J. O., Hemmatdar, Z., Bellissimo, N., Barati, R., Ahmadnia, H., Salehi-Marzijarani, M., & Faghih, S. (2018). Association between overweight/obesity and eating habits while watching television among primary-school children in the city of Shiraz, Iran. Public Health Nutr, 21(3), 571-579. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980017003251
González-Gálvez, N., Vaquero-Cristóbal, R., López-Vivancos, A., Albaladejo-Saura, M., & Marcos-Pardo, P. J. (2020). Back pain related with age, anthropometric variables, sagittal spinal curvatures, hamstring extensibility, physical activity and health related quality of life in male and female high school students. Int J Env Res Pub He, 17(19), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197293
González-Gálvez, N., Carrasco-Poyatos, M., Vaquero-Cristóbal, R., & Marcos-Pardo, P. J. (2021). Back pain in adolescents: Associated factors with a multifactorial approach. [Dolor de espalda en adolescentes: factores asociados desde un enfoque multifactorial] Retos, 43, 81-87. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v43i0.87389
Hadžiomerović, A. M., Jaganjac, A., Avdić, D., Švraka, E., Pašalić, A., Kaljić, E., Domljan, D., & Omerović, E. (2018). School bags and associated back pain. Journal of Health Sciences, 8(1), 10-19. https://doi.org/10.17532/jhsci.2017.510
Hartvigsen, J., Hancock, M. J., Kongsted, A., Louw, Q., Ferreira, M. L., Genevay, S., Hoy, D., Karppinen, J., Pransky, G., Sieper, J., Smeets, R. J., & Underwood, M. (2018). What low back pain is and why we need to pay attention. Lancet, 391(10137), 2356-2367. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30480-X
Iacovelli, C., Germanotta, M., Coraci, D., Mosca, R., Vincenzi, M. T., Gilardi, A., Padua, L., & Aprile, I. (2021). Back pain in adolescents: Characteristics, quality of life, and drug self-management: A cross-sectional study of 1301 italian students. Pediatr Emerg Care, 37(11), e716-e718. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001876
Illeez, O. G., Akpinar, P., Ulger, F. E. B., Ozkan, F. U., & Aktas, I. (2020). Low back pain in children and adolescents: Real life experience of 106 patients. Northern Clinics of Istanbul, 7(6), 603-608. https://doi.org/10.14744/nci.2020.93824
Jonsdottir, S., Ahmed, H., Tómasson, K., & Carter, B. (2019). Factors associated with chronic and acute back pain in wales, a cross-sectional study. BMC Musculoskel Dis, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2477-4
Kabasakal, E., Özcebe, H., & Arslan, U. E. (2020). Eating disorders and needs of disabled children at primary school. Child Care Hlth Dev, 46(5), 637-643. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12788
Kalki, M., Acshal Rachel, L., Nisha, V., Sundhari, G., & Rathiga, A. (2020). Medico-legal update, april-june 2020, vol. 20, no. 2 95 assessment the risk factors and incidence of low back pain among higher secondary students in selected school at kanchipuram dist tamil nadu india. Medico-Legal Update, 20(2), 95-97. https://doi.org/10.37506/mlu.v20i2.1072
Kędra, A., Kolwicz-Gańko, A., Sitarski, D., Kędra, P., & Czaprowski, D. (2019). Prevalence of back pain and the knowledge of preventive measures in a cohort of 11619 polish school-age children and youth-an epidemiological study. Medicine, 98(22), e15729. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000015729
Kędra, A., Plandowska, M., Kędra, P., & Czaprowski, D. (2021). Non-specific low back pain: Cross-sectional study of 11,423 children and youth and the association with the perception of heaviness in carrying of schoolbags. PeerJ, 9. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11220
Kemta Lekpa, F., Enyama, D., Noukeu Njinkui, D., Ngongang Chiedjio, A., Simeni Njonnou, S. R., Ngongang Ouankou, C., Namme Luma, H., & Choukem, S. P. (2021). Prevalence and factors associated with low back pain in schoolchildren in cameroon, sub-saharan africa. Int J Rheum Dis, 24(9), 1186-1191. https://doi.org/10.1111/1756-185X.14172
Khalil, N. S., & Alrubaey, M. G. J. (2019). Impact of schoolbag use on back pain among primary school children in baghdad city. Biochemical and Cellular Archives, 19(1), 869-874.
Kiat, W. Y., Abidin, E. Z., Rasdi, I., & Ismail, N. H. (2018). Association between schoolbag weight with back pain and perceived load among primary schoolchildren in selangor. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 6(Special issue), 6-12. https://doi.org/10.37268/mjphm/vol.20/no.Special1/art.672
Layuk, S., Martiana, T., & Bongakaraeng, B. (2020). School bag weight and the occurrence of back pain among elementary school children. Journal of Public Health Research, 9(2), 191-194. https://doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2020.1841
Lubkowska, W. (2018). Application of the computerized functional diagnosis system with the sensor wiva® science in the evaluation of the effectiveness of rehabilitation of patients with back pain syndrome. Paper presented at the AIP Conf Proc, 2040. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5079128
MacDonald, J., Stuart, E., & Rodenberg, R. (2017). Musculoskeletal low back pain in school-aged children a review. JAMA Pediatr, 171(3), 280-287. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.3334
Maher, C., Underwood, M., & Buchbinder, R. (2017). Non-specific low back pain. Lancet, 389(10070), 736-747. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30970-9
Mantilla Toloza, S. C., Jaimes Guerrero, C. A., & Lerma Castaño, P. R. (2021). Knowledge and practices of back care, experience in colombian children. Global Pediatric Health, 8 https://doi.org/10.1177/2333794X211023460
Masiero, S., Sarto, F., Cattelan, M., Sarto, D., Del Felice, A., Agostini, F., & Scanu, A. (2021). Lifetime prevalence of nonspecific low back pain in adolescents A cross-sectional epidemiologic survey. Am J Phys Med Rehab, 100(12), 1170-1175. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0000000000001720
Mata-Bazán, J., & Campos-Cornejo, L. L. (2018). Influence of the postural habits program for the prevention of axial defectsin adolescents. Weber Psychiatry &Psychology. 5(1), 4-8.
Meucci, R. D., Linhares, A. O., Olmedo, D. W. V., Cousin Sobrinho, E. L. P., Duarte, V. M., & Cesar, J. A. (2018). Low back pain among adolescents in the semiarid region: Results of a population census in the city of caracol, state of piauí, brazil. [Dor lombar em adolescentes do semiárido: Resultados de um censo populacional no município de Caracol (PI), Brasil] Cienc Saude Coletiva, 23(3), 733-740. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232018233.04312016
Meziat-Filho, N., Azevedo, G. E. S., Coutinho, E. S., Mendonça, R., & Santos, V. (2017). Association between home posture habits and neck pain in high school adolescents. J Back Musculoskelet, 30(3), 467-475. https://doi.org/10.3233/BMR-150339
Minghelli, B. (2020a). Musculoskeletal spine pain in adolescents: Epidemiology of non-specific neck and low back pain and risk factors. J Orthop Sci, 25(5), 776-780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jos.2019.10.008
Minghelli, B. (2020b). Postural habits in adolescents: The influence of a school physiotherapy program on improving the knowledge of postures. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, https://doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2019-0138
Minghelli, B., Nunes, C., & Oliveira, R. (2021). Back school postural education program: Comparison of two types of interventions in improving ergonomic knowledge about postures and reducing low back pain in adolescents. Int J Env Res Pub He, 18(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094434
Ministry of Health (2018). Informe Anual del Sistema Nacional de Salud 2018. Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar Social.
Miñana-Signes, V. (2017). La salud de la espalda en la educación. Estudio y validación de un cuestionario de conocimientos sobre la práctica de actividad y ejercicio físico para la salud y el cuidado de la espalda en jóvenes de la Comunidad Valenciana [Doctoral Thesis, University of València]. Available on institutional repository RODERIC. Recovered from [Accessed February 27, 2024]: http://roderic.uv.es/handle/10550/58032
Miñana-Signes, V., Monfort-Pañego, M., & Rosaleny-Maiques, S. (2019). Improvement of knowledge and postural habits after an educational intervention program in school students. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 14(1), 47-60. https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2019.141.04
Miñana-Signes, V., Monfort-Pañego, M., Bosh-Bivià, A. H., & Noll, M. (2021a). Prevalence of low back pain among primary school students from the city of valencia (spain). Healthcare, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9030270
Miñana-Signes, V., Monfort-Pañego, M., Morant, J., & Noll, M. (2021b). Cross-cultural adaptation and reliability of the back pain and body posture evaluation instrument (backpei) to the spanish adolescent population. Int J Env Res Pub He, 18(3), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18030854
Mohammadi, S., Mokhtarinia, H., Nejatbakhsh, R., & Scuffham, A. (2017). Ergonomics evaluation of school bags in tehran female primary school children. Work, 56(1), 175-181. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-162469
Monfort-Pañego, M., & Miñana-Signes, V. (2020). Psychometric study and content validity of a questionnaire to assess back-health-related postural habits in daily activities. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 24(3), 218-227. https://doi.org/10.1080/1091367X.2020.1784899
Morales Vallejo, P. (2009). Estadística aplicada a las ciencias sociales. Universidad Pontificia de Comillas.
Morrish, D., & Neesam, M. (2021). Trends in coverage of hygiene and disease prevention topics across national curriculum frameworks for primary science, physical education, and health. Prospects, 51(1-3), 363-381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-020-09525-7
Muñoz-Serrano, J., Garcia-Duran, S., Avila-Martin, G., Fernandez-Perez, C., Jimenez-Tanturejo, P., & Cecilia Marin-Guerrero, A. (2021). Relationship between low back pain and screen time among schoolchildren. Rev Esp Salud Public, 95, e202110132. PMID: 34643186.
Noll, M., Candotti, C. T., Rosa, B. N. D., Vieira, A., & Loss, J. F. (2021). Back pain and its risk factors in brazilian adolescents: A longitudinal study. British Journal of Pain, 15(1), 16-25. https://doi.org/10.1177/2049463719871751
Noormohammadpour, P., Borghei, A., Mirzaei, S., Mansournia, M. A., Ghayour-Najafabadi, M., Kordi, M., & Kordi, R. (2019). The risk factors of low back pain in female high school students. Spine, 44(6), E357-E365. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0000000000002837
Oka, G. A., Ranade, A. S., & Kulkarni, A. A. (2019). Back pain and school bag weight-a study on indian children and review of literature. J Pediatr Orthop B, 28(4), 397-404. https://doi.org/10.1097/BPB.0000000000000602
O'Sullivan, K., O'Keeffe, M., Forster, B. B., Qamar, S. R., van der Westhuizen, A., & O'Sullivan, P. B. (2019). Managing low back pain in active adolescents. Best Pract Res Cl Rh, 33(1), 102-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.berh.2019.02.005
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hrobjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., McGuinness, L. A., Stewart, L. A., Thomas, J., Tricco, A. C., Welch, V. A., Whiting, P., & Moher, D. (2021). Declaración PRISMA 2020: una guía actualizada para la publicación de revisiones sistemáticas. Rev Esp Cardiol, 74(9), 790-799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.recesp.2021.06.016
Paranjape, S., & Ingole, V. (2018). Prevalence of back pain in secondary school students in an urban population: Cross-sectional study. Cureus, 10(7), e2983. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.2983
Pinto, M. B., & Silva, K. L. (2020). Health promotion in schools: speeches, representations, and approaches. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 73 (3), e20180774. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0774
Rodríguez-Oviedo, P., Santiago-Pérez, M. I., Pérez-Ríos, M., Gómez-Fernández, D., Fernández-Alonso, A., Carreira-Núñez, I., García-Pacios, P., & Ruano-Ravina, A. (2018). Backpack weight and back pain reduction: Effect of an intervention in adolescents. Pediatr Res, 84(1), 34-40. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-018-0013-0
Sainz De Baranda, P., Cejudo, A., Martínez-Romero, M. T., Aparicio-Sarmiento, A., Rodríguez-Ferrán, O., Collazo-Diéguez, M., Hurtado-Avilés, J., Andújar, P., & Santonja-Medina, F. (2020a). Sitting posture, sagittal spinal curvatures and back pain in 8 to 12-year-old children from the region of murcia (spain): ISQUIOS programme. Int J Env Res Pub He, 17(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072578
Sainz De Baranda, P., Andújar, P., Collazo-Diéguez, M., Pastor, A., Santonja-Renedo, F., Martínez-Romero, M. T., Aparicio-Sarmiento, A., Cejudo, A., Rodríguez-Ferrán, O., & Santonja-Medina, F. (2020b). Sagittal standing spinal alignment and back pain in 8 to 12-year-old children from the region of murcia, spain: The ISQUIOS program. J Back Musculoskelet, 33(6), 1003-1014. https://doi.org/10.3233/BMR-191727
Santos, E. D. S., Bernardes, J. M., Noll, M., Gómez-Salgado, J., Ruiz-Frutos, C., & Dias, A. (2021). Prevalence of low back pain and associated risks in school-age children. Pain Manag Nurs, 22(4), 459-464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2021.01.017
Schwertner, D. S., Oliveira, R. A. N. S., Koerich, M. H. A. L., Motta, A. F., Pimenta, A. L., & Gioda, F. R. (2020). Prevalence of low back pain in young brazilians and associated factors: Sex, physical activity, sedentary behavior, sleep and body mass index. J Back Musculoskelet, 33(2), 233-244. https://doi.org/10.3233/BMR-170821
Sellschop, I.,V., Myezwa, H., Mudzi, W., & Musenge, E. (2018). Ergonomic behaviour of learners in a digitally driven school environment: Modification using an ergonomic intervention programme. South African Journal of Physiotherapy, 74(1), a348. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajp.v74i1.348
Serrano-Dura, J., Cabrera Gonzalez, A., Rodriguez-Negro, J., & Monleon Garcia, C. (2021). Results of a postural education program, with a gamified intervention vs traditional intervention. Sportis-Scientific Technical Journal of School Sport Physical Education and Psychomotricity, 7(2), 267-284. https://doi.org/10.17979/sportis.2021.7.2.7529
Shuhaimi, S. A., & Rahman, H. A. (2020). Association between schoolbag weight and back pain among primary schoolchildren in kajang, selangor. Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 20(Specialissue1), 77-82. https://doi.org/10.37268/mjphm/vol.20/no.Special1/art.672
Spiteri, K., Busuttil, M. L., Aquilina, S., Gauci, D., Camilleri, E., & Grech, V. (2017). Schoolbags and back pain in children between 8 and 13 years: A national study. British Journal of Pain, 11(2), 81-86. https://doi.org/10.1177/2049463717695144
Subbarayalu, A. V., & Ameer, M. A. (2017). Relationships among head posture, pain intensity, disability and deep cervical flexor muscle performance in subjects with postural neck pain. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 12(6), 541-547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2017.07.001
Sukartini, T., Ariyani, M. D., & Yasmara, D. (2020). Knowledge and actions about safety in the use of backpacks not related to back pain complaints in primary school students. EurAsian Journal of BioSciences, 14(2), 2751-2755. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-098927
Szilágyi, B., Tardi, P., Magyar, B., Tanács-Gulyás, N., Romhányi, F., Vida, E., Makai, A., & Járomi, M. (2021). Health questionnaire on back care knowledge and spine disease prevention for 6-10 years old children: Development and psychometric evaluation. BMC Musculoskel Dis, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-021-04667-x
Uddin, R., Salmon, J., Islam, S. M. S., & Khan, A. (2020). Physical education class participation is associated with physical activity among adolescents in 65 countries. Sci Rep-UK, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-79100-9
Venkata, S. K., I Narayan, A., Chogtu, B., & Janodia, M. (2021). A bibliometric study on the research outcome of brazil, russia, india, china, and south africa. F1000Research, 10. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.51337.1
Vidal-Conti, J., Borràs, P. A., Palou, P., & Muntaner-Mas, A. (2021). Prevalence of low back pain among school-aged children between 10 and 12 years. Sustainability-Basel, 13(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/su132112254
Vitta, A. D., Bento, T. P. F., Cornelio, G. P., Perrucini, P. D. D. O., Felippe, L. A., & Conti, M. H. S. D. (2021). Incidence and factors associated with low back pain in adolescents: A prospective study. Braz J Phys Ther, 25(6), 864-873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjpt.2021.10.002
Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Maher, C. G., Wiech, K., Van Zundert, J., Meloto, C. B., Diatchenko, L., Battié, M. C., Goossens, M., Koes, B., & Linton, S. J. (2018). Low back pain. Nat Rev Dis Primers, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-018-0052-1
Wawrzyniak, A., Tomaszewski, M., Mews, J., & Jung, A. (2017). Postural defects in children and teenagers as one of the major issues in psychosomatic development. Pediatrics and Family Medicine, 13(1), 72-78. https://doi.org/10.15557/PiMR.2017.0007